GRAMMAR (Ngữ pháp)

II. GRAMMAR (Ngữ pháp)

Passive voice (thể bị động)

a. Form (cấu trúc)

S + be + past participle (+ by + agent)

The book	was	written	by Edna O'Brien.
S	be	pp	by + agent

b. Use (cách dùng)

Câu bị động được dùng:

- Khi người hoặc vật thực hiện hành động đã rõ ràng

Ex: The streets are swept every day. (by street-sweepers)

(Đường phố được quét mỗi ngày.) (bởi những người quét đường.)

- Khi không biết hoặc không cần biết đến người hoặc vật thực hiện hành động

Ex: These computers are made in Holland.

(Những chiếc máy vi tính này được sản xuất ở Hà Lan.)

- Khi muốn nhấn mạnh người hoặc vật tiếp nhận hành động

Ex: The house was designed by Mike's father and built by Mike.

(Căn nhà này do cha Mike thiết kế và Mike xây dựng.)

c. Cách chuyển đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động

- Lấy tân ngữ (O) của câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ (S) của câu bị động

- Đổi động từ chủ động (VA) thành động từ bị động (VP)

VP = to be + past participle

TENSE

PASSIVE STRUCTURE

Present simple

People speak English here.

am/ is/ are + pp

English is spoken here.

Present progressive

They are painting the house.

am/ is/ are being + pp

The house is being painted.

Past simple

Somebody cleaned this room yesterday.

was/ were + pp

This room was cleaned yesterday.

Past progressive

My sister was baking the cakes.

was/ were being + pp

The cakes were being baked by my sister.

Present perfect

He hasn't worn the jacket for years.

have/ has been + pp

The jacket hasn't been worn for years.

Past perfect

They had destroyed all the documents when we arrived.

had been + pp

All the documents had been destroyed when we arrived.

Future simple

I'll tell you when the time comes.

will be + pp

You'll be told when the time comes.

Future progressive

We will be holding talks at this time next year.

will be being + pp

Talks will be being held at this time next year.

Future perfect

You will have finished this report by Tuesday.

will have been + pp

This report will have been finished by Tuesday.

Be going to

We are going to buy her a gift.

am/ is/ are going to be + pp

She is going to be bought a gift.

Modal verbs

The manager must sign the check.

can, should, must, ... + be + pp

The check must be signed by the manager.

Modal perfect

We should have sent the letter last week.

can, should, ... + have been + pp

The letter should have been sent last week.

Present infinitive

I want you to do it as soon as possible.

to be + pp

I want it (to) be done as soon as possible.

Present participle/ Gerund

I don't like people telling me what to do.

being + pp

I don't like being told what to do.

Perfect participle

Having warned them about the bandits, ... (I had warned (sb)...)

having been + pp

Having been warned about the bandits, ... (I had been warned (by sb)...)